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Text: Cryptography and Network Security, Fourth Edition, william stallings
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While computers today have some from the best security systems ever, they're more vulnerable than ever.
This vulnerability comes from the world-wide access to personal computers via the Internet.
Computer and network security is available in many forms, including encryption algorithms, having access to facilities, digital signatures, and taking advantage of fingerprints and face scans as passwords.
1. Chapter 13 Network Security
2. Introduction While pcs today have some with the best security systems ever, they may be more vulnerable than in the past. This vulnerability is caused by the world-wide access to pcs via the Internet. Computer and network security will come in many forms, including encryption algorithms, having access to facilities, digital signatures, and making use of fingerprints and face scans as passwords. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
3. Viruses and Worms A computer virus is often a small program that alters what sort of computer operates and infrequently does various forms of damage by deleting and corrupting data and program files, or by altering computer components, in order that computer operation is impaired or perhaps halted. Many different sorts of viruses, like parasitic, boot sector, stealth, polymorphic, and macro. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
4. Viruses and Worms A computer worm is really a program that copies itself derived from one of system completely to another over a network, without the assistance of an individual. Worms usually propagate themselves by transferring from computer to computer via e-mail. Typically, the herpes virus or a worm is transported to be a Trojan horsein plain english, hiding in the harmless-looking little bit of code like an e-mail or perhaps application macro. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
5. Standard System Attacks Two leading sorts of attacks the past decades: 1. Exploiting known main system vulnerabilities 2. Exploiting known vulnerabilities in computer software For both of such, software company issues a patch. Patch may repair it, or introduce a lot more holes. Either way, criminals find new holes and exploit. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
6. Standard System Attacks A very common strategy to attack vulnerability is via an e-mail attachment. You open the attachment therefore you launch the herpes virus. Second common approach to attack is always to simply scan your laptop ports when you are connected to the Internet either dial-up or non-dial-up. If you have a wide open port, hacker will download malicious software in your machine. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
7. Other Standard System Attacks Denial of service attacks, or distributed denial of service attacks, bombard a pc site because of so many messages that this site is not capable of answering valid request. In e-mail bombing, a person sends excessive unwanted e-mail to someone. Smurfing is usually a nasty technique when a program attacks a network by exploiting IP broadcast addressing operations. Ping storm is really a condition in how the Internet Ping program is needed to send a flood of packets with a server. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
8. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
9. Other Standard System Attacks Spoofing is when a person creates a packet that appears to get something else or from another person. Trojan Horse is usually a malicious bit of code hidden inside of a seemingly harmless section of code. Stealing, guessing, and intercepting passwords is another tried and true type of attack. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
10. Physical Protection Protection from environmental damage for instance floods, earthquakes, and warm. Physical security for example locking rooms, locking down computers, keyboards, and also other devices. Electrical protection from power surges. Noise protection from placing computers from devices that generate electromagnetic interference. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
11. Physical Protection - Surveillance Proper keeping of security cameras can deter theft and vandalism. Cameras can also guarantee a record of activities. Intrusion detection is really a field of study through which specialists try and prevent intrusion and make an effort to determine if your working computer system has become violated. A honeypot is undoubtedly an indirect type of surveillance. Network personnel produce a trap, watching for unscrupulous activity Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
12. Controlling Access Deciding who has entry to what. Limiting period access. Limiting day of week access. Limiting access from the location, like not allowing an individual to use a remote login during certain periods or at any time. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
13. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
14. ul li Passwords and ID Systems /li /ul ul li Passwords will be the most common kind of security along with the most abused. /li /ul ul li Simple rules help support safe passwords, including: /li /ul ul li Change your password often. /li /ul ul li Pick a good, random password minimum 8 characters, mixed symbols. /li /ul ul li Dont share passwords or write them down. /li /ul ul li Dont select names and familiar objects as passwords. /li /ul Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
15. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
17. Access Rights Two basic questions gain access to right: who and the way? Who do allowing access to certainly? No one, band of users, entire number of users? How does a person or list of users be permitted access? Read, write, delete, print, copy, execute? Most network systems have a powerful system for assigning access rights. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
18. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
19. Auditing Creating a pc or paper audit may help detect wrongdoing. Auditing can also be used as being a deterrent. Many network os's allow the administrator to audit most varieties of transactions. Many forms of criminals are already caught as a consequence of computer-based audits. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
20. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
21. Basic Encryption and Decryption Cryptography will be the study of creating and utilizing encryption and decryption techniques. Plaintext will be the the data that before any encryption may be performed. Ciphertext could be the data after encryption is performed. The key could be the unique little bit of information that is utilized to create ciphertext and decrypt the ciphertext directly into plaintext. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
22. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
23. Monoalphabetic Substitution-based Ciphers Monoalphabetic substitution-based ciphers replace a character or characters which has a different character or characters, dependant on some key. Replacing: abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz With: POIUYTREWQLKJHGFDSAMNBVCXZ The message: think about lunch at noon encodes into EGVPO GNMKN HIEPM HGGH Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
24. Polyalphabetic Substitution-based Ciphers Similar to monoalphabetic ciphers except multiple alphabetic strings are widely-used to encode the plaintext. For example, a matrix of strings, 26 rows by 26 characters or columns works extremely well. A key for instance COMPUTERSCIENCE lies repeatedly in the plaintext. COMPUTERSCIENCECOMPUTERSCIENCECOMPUTER thisclassondatacommunicationsisthebest Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
25. Polyalphabetic Substitution-based Ciphers To encode the content, consider the first letter with the plaintext, t, along with the corresponding key character immediately above it, C. Go to row C column t within the 26x26 matrix and retrieve the ciphertext character V. Continue together with the other characters inside the plaintext. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
26. Transposition-based Ciphers In a transposition-based cipher, an order the plaintext will not be preserved. As a simple example, decide on a key for instance COMPUTER. Number the letters in the word COMPUTER inside the order they appear inside the alphabet. 1 4 3 5 8 7 2 6 C O M P U T E R Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
27. Transposition-based Ciphers Now go ahead and take plaintext message and write it within the key. 1 4 3 5 8 7 2 6 C O M P U T E R t h i s i s t h e b e s t c l a s s i h a v e e v e r t a k e n Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
28. Transposition-based Ciphers Then look at the ciphertext about the columns, you start with the column numbered 1, then column number 2. TESVTLEEIEIRHBSESSHTHAENSCVKITAA Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
29. Public Key Cryptography Very powerful encryption technique through which two keys are widely-used: the primary key everyone key encrypts the material while the next key the individual key decrypts the material. Not possible to deduce one key in the other. Not possible to sneak the code given the general public key. If you want someone for you you secure data, allow them to have your public key, you keep the non-public key. Secure sockets layer on the Internet is really a common illustration showing public key cryptography. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
30. Data Encryption Standard Created in 1977 plus operation in the 1990s, the info encryption standard took a 64-bit block of knowledge and subjected it to 16 amounts of encryption. The choice of encryption performed at each with the 16 levels depends upon the 56-bit key applied. Even though 56 bits provides over 72 quadrillion combinations, a method using this standard may be cracked in 1998 by Electronic Frontier Foundation in 72 hrs. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
31. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
32. Triple-DES A more powerful data encryption standard. Data is encrypted using DES 3 x: the very first time by the 1st key, your second time by the second key, along with the third time by the 1st key again. Can also have 3 unique keys. While virtually unbreakable, triple-DES is CPU intensive. With more smart cards, cellular phones, and PDAs, a faster and smaller section of code is especially desirable. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
33. Advanced Encryption Standard AES Selected from the government to change DES. National Institute of Standards and Technology selected the algorithm Rijndael pronounced rain-doll in October 2000 because the basis for AES. AES has more elegant mathematical formulas, requires one pass, and was meant to be fast, unbreakable, and able to support even smallest computing device. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
34. Advanced Encryption Standard AES Key size AES: 128, 192, or 256 bits Estimated the perfect time to crack assuming a device could crack a DES input 1 second: 149 trillion years Very fast execution with really good use of resources AES needs to be widely implemented by 2004 Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
35. Digital Signatures Document to become signed is distributed through a complex mathematical computation that generates a hash. Hash is encoded with all the owners private key then stored. To prove future ownership, stored hash is decoded with all the owners public key knowning that hash is compared that has a current hash from the document. If the two hashes agree, the document is one of the owner. The just approved legislation to take digitally signed documents as legal proof. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
36. Public Key Infrastructure The mix of encryption techniques, software, and services that concerns all the necessary pieces to back up digital certificates, certificate authorities, and public key generation, storage, and management. A certificate, or digital certificate, is definitely an electronic document, similar into a passport, that establishes your credentials when performing transactions. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
37. Public Key Infrastructure A digital certificate contains your business, serial number, expiration dates, copy of one's public key, and digital signature of certificate-issuing authority. Certificates are often kept in a registry so other users may check them for authenticity. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
38. Public Key Infrastructure Certificates are issued with a certificate authority CA. A CA is either specialized software on the company network or possibly a trusted vacation. Lets say you intend to order something in the Internet. The web site desires to make sure you are legit, therefore, the web server requests your browser to sign your order with your private key from your certificate. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
39. Public Key Infrastructure The web server then requests your certificate in the third party CA, validates that certificate by verifying third partys signature, then uses that certificate to validate the signature with your order. The user can perform the same procedure to be certain the web server will not be a bogus operation. A certificate revocation list can be used to deactivate a users certificate. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
41. Steganography The art and science of hiding information inside other, seemingly ordinary messages or documents. Unlike sending an encrypted message, you cannot know when steganography is hiding a secret message in just a document. Examples include making a watermark over a picture or taking random pixels from a photo and replacing them with all the hidden data. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
42. Securing Communications So far we have now examined standard system attacks, physical protection, controlling access, and securing data. Now lets examine securing communications. One method to secure the transfer of data is usually to scramble the signal because it is being transmitted. This is called spread spectrum technology. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
43. Guarding Against Viruses Signature-based scanners try to find particular virus patterns or signatures and alert the consumer. Terminate-and-stay-resident programs run inside the background constantly watching for viruses and actions. Multi-level generic scanning is usually a combination of antivirus techniques including intelligent checksum analysis and expert system analysis. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
44. Firewalls A system or blend of systems that supports an access control policy between two networks. A firewall can limit the kinds of transactions that enter a method, and also the forms of transactions that leave a method. Firewalls may be programmed to stop particular kinds or ranges of IP addresses, and also certain kinds of TCP port numbers applications. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
45. Firewalls A packet filter firewall is basically a router that has become programmed to filter or allow to pass certain IP addresses or TCP port numbers. A proxy server can be a more advanced firewall that acts to be a doorman in to a corporate network. Any external transaction that request something on the corporate network must enter throughout the proxy server. Proxy servers are more complex but make external accesses slower. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
46. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
47. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
48. Wireless Security How do you produce a wireless LAN secure? WEP Wired Equivalency Protocol was the primary security protocol combined with wireless LANs. It had weak 40-bit static keys and was too easy to destroy. WPA Wi-Fi Protected Access replaced WEP. Major improvement including dynamic key encryption and mutual authentication for wireless clients. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
49. Wireless Security Both of the should eventually give solution to a new protocol created through the IEEE - IEEE 802.11i. 802.11i allows the keys, the encryption algorithms, and negotiation to get dynamically assigned. Also, AES encryption in accordance with the Rijndael algorithm with 128-, 192-, or 256-bit keys is incorporated. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
50. Security Policy Design Issues What would be the companys desired degree of security? How much money will be the company happy to invest in security? If the company is set on restricting access via an Internet link, think about restricting access through all the entry ways? The company must employ a well-designed security policy. Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
51. Network Security In Action: Making Wireless LANs Secure Recall Hannah the network administrator from Chapters Seven, Eight, and Nine? Now her company really wants to add a wireless LAN on their system and earn it secure. She must protect herself from war drivers. Should she use WEP? What about Ciscos LEAP Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol? Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
52. Network Security In Action: Making Wireless LANs Secure What about WPA? It is relatively recent. Is the software and hardware all works with WPA? If she decides make use of WPA, where does she ought to install the WPA software? In the users laptop? At the wireless access point? At the network server? All the above? Chapter Thirteen - Network Security
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Instructor: Tan, Stein batch, Kumar